This policy brief is produced by the Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) for the Summit on Higher Education on Revitalizing Higher Education for Africa’s future (Dakar, Senegal, March 10-12, 2015). A knowledge-based economy is expected to drive sustainable social-economic transformation and underpin the creation of employment opportunities, especially for a bulging youth generation. Africa requires a boost in attention to and development of STI to urgently address challenges posed by climate change, desertification and land degradation, drought, loss of biodiversity and sustainable natural resource management.